Can we use as a DP transmitter as Pressure Guage ??

Ofcousre yes, High side of  DP Transmitter should be connected to the impluse line at bottom of the tank or vessal and low side port Vent atmosphere.

How to Change a Word File Document to JPEG Format

Method 1 of 3: Snipping Tool Method For Windows Vista and 7 and Later

1. 
   1
   Open your document and zoom out until you see the whole document.
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2. 
   2
   Go to "Start" > "All Programs" > "Accessories" > "Snipping Tool"
3. 
   3
   Click and drag the box over the document.
4. 
   4
   Save as what ever you want.
5. 

   
   5
   To make the picture your desktop wallpaper, right click on the desktop and click "Personalize". Choose "Desktop background" > "Browse" and select the image you just saved.
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Method 2 of 3: For Windows Versions with OneNote and Word

1. 
   1
   Bring up the document you want in Microsoft Word.
2. 
   2
   Go to File (2003, 2010) or the Office Button (2007) and go to Print.
3. 
   3
   Select 'Send to OneNote' on the Printer Menu and click "OK".
4. 
   4
   The document will open as a page in OneNote. Make sure this is the only page open on the tabs on the right (delete others if open by clicking on them and pressing the DELETE key). Then, go to File/Office Button, then Save As.
5. 
   5
   Change the File Type/ Save As Type dropdown to 'Word Document'. Then Click SAVE.
6. 
   6
   Open the new file in Word. It will open with the pages as pictures.
7. 7
   Now right click on each picture of your page, and click Save As Picture. Save the picture and you're done!
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Method 3 of 3: For Windows XP (Or Any Older Version)

1. 
   1
   Bring up the document you want in Microsoft Word.
2. 
   2
   Zoom in or out so that the whole document can be seen on the screen without scrolling up or down.
3. 
   3
   Find the "Print Screen" key on your keyboard. On a standard keyboard it should be located to the right of the F12 key, sometimes shortened to "prt sc".
4. 4
   Once you've found the "Print Screen" key and the Word document is visible on your screen, press the key. Despite nothing appearing to happen, your computer has taken an image of the screen and stored it in memory.
5. 
   5
   Go to "Start" > "All Programs" > "Accessories" > "Paint".
6. 
   6
   In Paint, go to the "Edit" menu and select "Paste". A picture of the whole screen will appear.
7. 
   7
   Crop out what you don't want using the "select" tool, leaving just the document.
8. 
   8
   Save it as whatever you want.
9. 
   9
   To make the picture your desktop wallpaper, right click on the desktop and click "Properties". Choose "Desktop background" > "Browse" and select the image that you just saved.

Basic concept of : Oscillating circuit, Circuit oscillators

1 - Circuit oscillators

1.1 - The concept of the oscillating circuit.

Oscillation circuit is used very much in the electronic equipment, such as the local oscillator circuit in block RF Radio, in the color TV channels, pulse generator circuit flow oscillations, pulses in TV screens, creating a sinusoidal wave for IC Vi handling operations v v ...

• Sine oscillator circuits


• Multi-harmonic oscillation circuit


• Oscillation circuit congestion


• Using IC oscillator circuit

1.2 - sine oscillator circuit
One might oscillators sine components from L - C or from quartz.

* Sine oscillator circuit using L - C

Sine oscillator circuit using L - C

• 
  
  Mach oscillation capacitor C1 // above oscillator circuit L1 forming L -C To maintain this oscillation signal is put into vacuum oscillations of Transistor B, R1 is becoming bias for transistors, R2 is becoming burdens to retrieve the oscillator signal, the winding-down play from foot E Transistor mass take the feedback effect to maintain oscillation. The oscillation frequency of circuit C1 and L1 depends on the formula

f = 1/2 p. (L1.C1) ^1/2

* Sinusoidal oscillator circuit using quartz.

Circuit with quartz oscillators.

• 
  
  X1: quartz oscillators, the oscillation frequency is indicated on the body of quartz, quartz-powered when it self-oscillating output wave frequency sin.thach he usually ranges from several hundred KHz to a few tens of MHz.


• 
  
  Q1 amplify the signal lights ranging from quartz and finally the signal is removed at the foot C.


• 
  
  Both the resistor R1 supplies power to both the natural quartz lamp Q1


• 
  
  R2 is to be found ghanh generate voltage drop to obtain a signal.

Quartz oscillators in color televisions, computer

1.3 - multi-harmonic oscillation circuit.

Multi-harmonic oscillation circuit square pulse generator

* You can order installation diagrams on the following parameters:

• 
  
  R1 = R4 = 1 K W


• 
  
  R2 = R3 = 100K W


• 
  
  C1 = C2 = 10μF / 16V


• 
  
  Q1 = Q2 = Lamp C828


• 
  
  Two LEDs


• 
  
  Source Vcc is 6V DC


• 
  
  The total cost of all 4,000 VND Components

* Explain the operating principle: When powered up, assuming Q1 lights ahead, Q1 lamp voltage reduction Uc => C1 as voltage Ub through Q2 lamp fell => Q2 off => Q2 increased lamp voltage Uc => via C2 do Q1 increased lamp voltage Ub => Q1 established state leads storm
Air and Q2 is off, after the time t, the current load on the capacitor C1 through R3 when this voltage> 0,6V the Q2 light guide => Q2 lamp voltage reduction Uc => continue so until Q2 saturated lead and Q1 is off, repeated state and create oscillation, oscillation cycle depends on the C1, C2 and R2, R3.

2 - Design by IC oscillator

XX555 IC oscillators; XX can be a TA or LA etc ...

Pulse oscillation circuit created by IC 555

• 
  
  Please purchase an IC 555 and mounting them yourself an oscillator circuit according to the principle diagram above.


• 
  
  Vcc supply IC can be used from 4,5V to 15V, the red line is positive pulse source, black bottom circuit is sound source.


• 
  
  Capacitor 103 (10nF) from 5 to mass foot is fixed and you can ignore (not fitting well)


• 
  
  When changing the resistors R1, R2 and C1 capacitor values ​​you
  will acquire oscillation frequency and pulse width at will according to
  mode.

T = 0.7 × (R1 + 2R2) × C1 and f =	1.4
	(R1 + 2R2) × C1

T = Time of a full cycle equal (s)
f = frequency of oscillation equal (Hz)
R1 = Resistance measured in ohm (W)
R2 = Resistance measured in ohm (W)
Capacitors C1 = calculated by Fara (W)

T = Tm + Ts
T: full cycle
Tm = 0.7 x (R1 + R2) x C1 Tm: time highs electricity
Ts = 0.7 x R2 x C1
Ts: time power low

Overall cycle time T including a high power Tm and low power time Ts

• 
  
  From the above formula we can create an oscillating pulse width square Tm and Ts any.


• 
  
  After you have created momentum with Tm and Ts T = Tm + we have Ts and f = 1 / T

* For example, you design the pulse generator circuit as shown below.

Pulse generator circuit has Tm = 0,1s, Ts = 1s

Exercise: Put on the oscillator circuit parameters:

• 
  
  C1 = 10μF = 10 x 10 ^-6 = 10 ^-5 F


• 
  
  R1 = R2 = 100K W = 100 x 10 ³ W


• 
  
  Count Ts and Tm =? Count frequency f =?

Bai:

• 
  
  We R2 Ts = 0.7 x 0.7 x 100.10 x C1 = ³ x 10 ^-5 = 0.7 s
  Tm = 0.7 x (R1 + R2) x C1 =
  = 0.7 x ³ x 10 ⁵ = 200.10 1.4 s


• 
  
  => T = Tm + Ts = 1,4s 0,7s = 2,1s +


• 
  
  => F = 1 / T = 1 / 2.1 ~ 0.5 Hz

3 - Oscillating congestion

Oscillation circuit congestion (Blocking OCS)

Mah oscillation principle stuffy fairly simple operation, widely used circuit in pulsed power supply (switching) circuit is made up as follows:

Oscillation circuit congestion

Oscillation circuit congestion include:

• 
  
  Transformer primary winding included 1-2 and 3-4 roll back, the secondary coil 5-6


• 
  
  Transistor Q engaged oscillate and act as light breaks open a capacity of variations generate electric current through the primary coil.


• 
  
  Back to disasters R1 (resistor primer)


• 
  
  R2, C2 is the resistor and capacitor feedback

There are two types of feedback are getting positive feedback and negative feedback, we consider the structure and principles of operation of each circuit.

* Oscillating stuffy negative feedback.

• 
  
  Negative feedback circuit with feedback coil wrapped 3-4 reverse with the primary winding 1-2, and resistor R1 bait small value of about 100K W, circuits are often used in the manufacture of small power approximately 20W return down


• 
  
  Operating principle: When powered up, the natural flow through R1 stimulus for Q1 led lights hard, flow through the primary coil 1-2 increased rapidly generate varying magnetic field => induction coil to feedback, negative way roll given feedback on foot lamp Q B through R2, C2 as B leg lamp voltage reduction Q <0V => Q lights immediately transitioned to interrupt, after the time t current through R1 loaded into capacitors C2 Q lamp foot B as pressure increases => Q lights cycle repeat guide
  Monday => fluctuating form.


• 
  
  Oscillation circuit congestion negative feedback has the advantage of fast oscillations, but have the disadvantage of electric shock damage prone lamp circuit Q therefore often not used in the large capacity power supplies.

* Oscillating stuffy positive feedback.

• 
  
  Oscillation circuit congestion positive feedback coil wrapped positive feedback 3-4 with 1-2 primary coil, resistor R1 primer large value of about 470K W


• 
  
  Because large numbers of R1, R1 to flow through the small initial bias => Q led lights ascending => generate varying magnetic field
  touch-up roll feedback => voltage obtained the positive feedback via feedback R2, C2 increases led lamps Q => and continue until saturation led lamp Q, Q When leading lights saturation, current through 1-2 coil unchanged => feedback voltage loss => B leg lamp voltage and lamp Q Q rapid decrease immediately transitioned to interrupt, second cycle repeated as Condition
  Initial Status and fluctuating form.


• 
  
  The advantage of this circuit is very safe from being varied from electric shock, and is used in the manufacture of large power line as the source of color television.

* Review the theory of electromagnetic induction:

The experiment on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction in the transformer.

In experiments it was found that, bulbs flashed just in time to close or disconnect switch, meaning that when current flows through the primary coil changes, in case a current flows through the primary coil unchanged but also not make sense voltage on the secondary coil.

Basics concept of : Rectifier and voltage regulator circuit

1 - AC Rectifier

1.1 - The source of the electronic circuit.

In the electronic circuit devices such as Radio -Cassette, Amlpy, color television, DVD & VCD v v ... we use DC power at different voltage levels, but outside of the equipment plugged zig this being plugged directly into 220V 50Hz AC power source, so the electronic devices need a department to convert from AC to DC voltage supply to the circuit on, switch parts include including:

• Transformer source: Low voltage from 220V down to the lower voltage as 6V, 9V, 12V, 24V etc ...


• Rectifier: Change the AC power into DC.


• Ac ripple filter circuit after filtering for DC power rectifier flatter.


• Voltage regulator circuit: Keep a constant voltage supply to the load consumption

General diagram of the power supply circuit.

1.2 - Rectifier sell cycle.

Rectifier selling cycle using a diode in series with the load consumption, in a positive cycle => diode is biased so that an electric current passes through the diode and passing loads, in the negative cycle, Diode broken reverse pole so no current through the load.

Format output voltage of the rectifier circuit selling cycle.

1.3 Rectifier cycle

Cycle Rectifier Diode getting used 4 spherical (also called bridge rectifier) ​​as shown below.

Rectifier whole cycle.

• 
  
  On the positive cycle (the line above the ocean, below negative) current through the diode D1 => via Rtai => through the first diode D4 of chords


• 
  
  On the negative cycle, the voltage on the secondary coil reversal (negative end of the line above, below ocean) current through D2 => via Rtai => through D3 of the line sound.


• 
  
  Thus both cycles are current flows through the load.

2 - Circuit filtering and multiple voltage rectifier

2.1 - The circuit filter capacitor used.

After the rectifier voltage obtained an undulating way, without the filter capacitor voltage is less undulating be used in electronic circuits, so in the source circuit, the capacitor must be fitted with filters μF value from several hundred to several thousand μF diode bridge rectifiers in later.

DC voltage types of rectifier in two cases there is no convergence and convergence

• 
  
  The diagram above illustrates the power circuit case with no filter capacitor and filter capacitor.


• 
  
  When the switch K open, rectifier filter capacitor not participate, so the voltage gain undulating form.


• 
  
  When the switch K closed, rectifier filter capacitor C1 participate source, resulting filtered output voltage is relatively flat, if capacitor C1 larger capacitance at the output voltage as flat, capacitor C1 in the number of sources often have several thousand μF.

Illustration: Electric Usage of filter capacitor greater the output voltage as flat.

• 
  
  In the rectifier circuit, if there is no filter capacitor load or load an export consumption is negligible compared with the output voltage of the DC transformer gained as DC = 1,4.AC

2.2 - Rectifier's 2.

Rectifier circuit diagram human resources 2

• 
  
  To become human rectifier 2 we must use two of the same value capacitors connected in series, then the first game of voltage 1 pm on the point between the two centered on convergence => voltage we get 2x.


• 
  
  In the above circuit, when the switch K open, rectifier circuit return normal form.


• 
  
  When the switch K is closed, the circuit became human rectifier 2, and as a result we obtain the output voltage 2-fold increase.

3 - fixed voltage regulator circuit

3.1 - Fixed voltage regulator circuit using Zener diode.

.

33V voltage regulator circuit to create a fixed voltage supply circuit in TV tuner color

• Since no fixed 110V through current limiting resistor R1 and gim on Dz 33V to remove a fixed voltage detection circuit provides channel


• When designing a voltage regulator circuit as above should be calculated resistor limits the current flow so that the maximum backward through to smaller Dz Dz withstand currents that flow through Dz is maximal when the current through R2 = 0


• As the diagram above, the maximum current through voltage drop on R1 Dz by dividing the value of R1, this is called electric current I1 have

I1 = (110-33) / 7500 = 77/7500 ~ 10mA

Normally we should reverse flow through ≤ 25 mA Dz

3.2 - Fixed voltage regulator circuit uses transistors, voltage regulator IC.

Zener diode voltage regulator circuit uses as above has the advantage of simplicity but the drawback is the small electric current (≤ 20mA). To
can generate a fixed voltage electric current but more powerful people get more transistors to amplify the flow diagram below.

Transistor voltage regulator circuit with amplifier

• 
  
  In the circuit on the voltage at point A can be changed and also the AC ripple voltage at point B but not change and relatively flat.


• 
  
  Stabilizers principle: Through resistor R1 and fixed gim Dz voltage of transistors Q1 leg B, assuming the voltage pins
  E Lamp Q1 reduction => meanwhile increased voltage U BE => line through Q1 increases light => make the lamp voltage E foot rise, and vice versa ...


• 
  
  Voltage regulator circuit on simple and effective should be used very broad permissive and it has been producing various kinds .. LA78 IC them to replace the voltage regulator circuit above, LA78 IC .. there as part schematic circuit blue color of the diagram above.

They LA78 IC voltage regulator voltage regulator IC LA7805 ..

• 
  
  5V voltage regulator IC LA7805


• 
  
  LA7808 IC Voltage Regulator 8V


• 
  
  9V voltage regulator IC LA7809


• 
  
  12V voltage regulator IC LA7812

Note:
They IC78 .. only consumes about 1A line downwards, when assembled, the U IC in printed circuit> Uout from 3 to 5V while the new IC to take effect.

3.3 - Application of voltage regulator ICs them 78 ..

Voltage regulator IC 78 .. they are widely used in the power supply, as the first power unit of VCD, the color TV, computer ...

Applications LA7805 and LA7808 IC voltage regulator in the power supply VCD

4 - linear voltage regulator circuit (with feedback)

4.1 - Block diagram of the voltage regulator circuit with feedback.

Block diagram of the voltage regulator circuit with feedback.

* Some characteristics of the voltage regulator circuit with feedback:

• 
  
  DC voltage supply at a constant output voltage in either case input changes or load current consumption of change, but this change must be limited.


• 
  
  DC voltage for high-quality output, reduce AC ripple phenomenon.

* The principle of operation of the circuit.

• 
  
  Sampling circuit will monitor the output voltage through a potentiometer bridge created (Ulm: voltage sampling)


• 
  
  You create pressure circuit => gim fetch a fixed voltage (Uc: Pressure Standard)


• 
  
  Compare circuit compares two sampling voltage Uc Ulm and pressure to form the standard control voltage.


• 
  
  Correcting amplifiers will amplify pressure control, then brought to adjust the operation of the output light in the opposite direction, if the output voltage increases => via the feedback circuit adjusting => led lamp production reduction => output voltage drops. Conversely, if the output voltage reduction => via the feedback circuit adjusting => lamp capacity increase leads => and the output voltage increases = >> result the output voltage does not change.

4.2 - Analysis of the feedback circuit can source in Black and White Samsung Televisions

Input voltage ripple while AC The output voltage level

Linear voltage regulator circuit television in black and white Samsung.

* Significance of components on the diagram.

• 
  
  Filter capacitor 2200μF capacitor is the main source, filter after the rectifier voltage 18V, this is also the input voltage of the voltage regulator circuit, the voltage can be increased by approximately 15% reduction.


• 
  
  Q1 is the output light source of the electric current to the load, the output voltage of the voltage regulator taken from the leg opening C lamp Q1 and 12V fixed value.


• 
  
  R1 is becoming big feces found ghanh line capacity to share part of the current passing through the light output.


• 
  
  Bridge potentiometer R5, R6 VR1 and created pressure on the leg B sample taken Q2 lamp.


• 
  
  Zener diode Dz and R4 create a standard fixed voltage than the output voltage.


• 
  
  Q2 are compared and amplified lamp voltage deviation => brought to control the operation of the output light Q1.


• 
  
  R3 contact between Q1 and Q2, R2 potentiometer for Q1

* Principle of operation.

• 
  
  The output voltage will tend to change when input voltage change, or change current consumption.


• 
  
  Suppose: When voltage on increasing => output voltage increase => E leg lamp voltage increases more Q2 leg B (due to Dz gim
  E leg lamp from Q2 to Ura, only longer take part Ura Ulm) so U BE reduction => Q2 led lamp fell => Q1 led lamp fell => output voltage drops. Similarly when Uvao reduction through adjusting circuit => Ura we again gained increased. Time of feedback loop adjust very quickly a few μ seconds and output filter capacitors are eliminated, without affecting the quality of DC voltage => resulting output voltage is relatively flat.


• 
  
  When adjusting variable resistor VR1, the voltage sampled change, the conductivity change Q2 lamp, lamp Q1 conductivity change => resulting voltage change, VR1 is used to adjust the desired output voltage.

4.3 - Circuit Televisions domestic sources added.

Stabilizers schematic linear source in the Japanese domestic color TV sets.

• 
  
  C1 is the main source filter capacitor diode bridge rectifier.


• 
  
  C2 is the output filter capacitor linear source circuit.


• 
  
  Bridge potentiometer R4, VR1, R5 generate voltage U LM sampling


• 
  
  R2 and Dz create standard voltage Uc


• 
  
  R3 between Q3 and Q2 contacts, R1 bias for Q1 output lamp


• 
  
  Resistor R6 is cloned, the output resistor is large.


• 
  
  Q3 is light compared and amplified voltage error detector


• 
  
  Wrong voltage detection amplifier


• 
  
  Q1 output lamp source


• 
  
  => Source work in voltage range can be changed at 10%, the output voltage is always fixed.